Chapter 57 - The Man in the Iron Mask by Alexandre Dumas
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Horoscope - Sagittarius Horoscope in 2012
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In 2012 you receive admiration and maybe even a promotion. Ultimately you will receive reputation for your hard work in the past few years. Archers who work in computer or technology will thrive.
In the Spring you will receive news of a promotion or a raise. Ideas that you have inspire a extra group of population to great success. If you have never led a team before you may be appointed to do so now.
If you want to embark on your own firm then the summer of 2012 is ideal! beginning an online firm is especially smiled on by the stars.
Sagittarius 2012 Love, house and group life Horoscope
Bonding with your house is the focus of 2012. All of your relationships will thrive but there is a extra emphasis on getting to know any children in your life better. Even though you do not have a house you may find that there are more younger population looking for guidance. Be sure to set a good example and give them the advice they are looking for.
Married Archers might have a bit of a rocky time with their partners. Planets that rule transportation in love are not well located and partnerships can suffer. No matter how difficult someone is being you need to be outpatient and swallow your ego. Compromise and not all the time having to have the last word helps your association to go a miniature more smoothly. It will also help you if you try and focus on their good qualities instead of all the time pointing out negative qualities.
If you cannot cope with a troubling association then do not hesitate to seek out the advice of a wiser or older person. This is also a good year for you to seek out association counseling if you feel you need it.
Unmarried Archers may find themselves getting hitched by the end of the year. Any way there are many particular Archers that may be more curious in their vocation than their relationships at the moment and there is nothing wrong with that. 2012 is more of a year about self-development than others.
Sagittarius 2012 Finance and Money Horoscope
2012 is a great vocation year for Archers and the success will reflect in their bank account. Sagittarians are likely to receive raises, bonuses and promotions. New businesses, especially online ones, will pay off handsomely. Many Sagittarians will reap the profits from investments and playing the stock market.
The entire year brings good luck financially. Any way you should not take risks in May and June as the planets are not as convenient to risking your savings this way. Stick to solid investments such as gold or buying a house.
Sagittarius 2012 health Horoscope
Your health is great in 2012 but you are still your usual high-strung, nervous self. Watch out for ailments to do with your skin and fatigue or nervousness caused by overwork.
If you are trying to shed some pounds then you will meet with great success in 2012 as retrograde planets favor weight loss projects.
More detailed horoscope: Sagittarius Horoscope 2012
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Horoscope - March 2011 Scorpio Monthly Horoscope
Good afternoon. Today, I learned about Horoscope - March 2011 Scorpio Monthly Horoscope. Which could be very helpful if you ask me so you. March 2011 Scorpio Monthly HoroscopeThe end of 2010 left you weary from all the conflict, March 2011 is the excellent time to catch your breath and do nothing more than lay nearby the house on the weekend and spend time with house and friends. Doing nothing is just the cure for the emotional and mental exhaustion you feel right now. Look to loved ones for support, but don't get angry if you don't find it. It might be a small rocky with a few of these relationships. By mid March you'll find all the tension disappearing and it is flat navigation once more.
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Your love life could bring some passion, however. Even though one house member lets you down, it won't be a spouse. Everything is a go for romance in the first quarter of the year. If you don't have love in your life, now is the time to find it and seal the deal before the end of April of this year. You're usually guard your feelings, even in close relationships. Now's the time to break that silence and let those nearby you know your true passion and deepest secrets. You're a good soul and it pays to let others in to see that side of your personality.
Take advantage of the increased activity in your career. This is the time for major projects and decisions of a expert nature. You'll maximize your gains during this duration that ends in May. Lay out plans for new ideas and make the path easy to effect later in the year when you're plainly not ready for new areas, nearby June. You'll find that you can work without getting weary during this time because of the increase in your creative juices. Your keen mind and sheer will to achieve can push projects through faster than normal.
Don't get involved in the tangles of two friends this month or you'll find you end up being the one blamed. Your stark methods of calling the situation as you see it is too much for many people to handle. Even though you don't see a question with what you said, others will find fault and you'll end up in the doghouse. Run; don't walk, away from disputes of others. You'll be glad you did during this month.
Any condition issues you felt in the first of the year seem to go away as spring peeks its head nearby the corner. Don't give up the corporal regimen you started to avoid problems and continue to eat wholesome to make sure you're ready for the stress you'll find later in the year. Your constitution is stronger now, but you're still not functioning at top speed. Keep up the regimen of a wholesome diet combined with rehearsal and you won't be sorry later this year when you find you need the extra energy and good health.
You'll have the answers for everyone, both at home and at work. Take advantage of this period. You're mental has the most clarity before the last week of the month, so tackle any personal or enterprise problems then. March should be a great month for you and find most Everything going your way.
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Horoscope - Scorpio Horoscope in 2012
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This year you can look send to a promotion of some kind but in order to get the payoff you are going to have to work very hard. A raise is also in your future. Ultimately you will get the prestige and recognition you deserve for quietly and efficiently making a task or firm a big success.
If you want to get into firm for yourself then the planets encourage you to get out there and find the speculation capital you need to get it started. Your quality to persuade others to do as you wish is at an all-time high. This also makes it easier for you to attract money in general.
You are in the spotlight in 2012 so you should take benefit of your newsworthiness to make money. The planets also favor studies that help you come to be an specialist in your field.
Scorpio Love, house and group life Horoscope in 2012
The focus for you this year is on improving relationships within your family. Spend more time with your spouse. If you are not married,but living together in a association the two of you to could tie the knot by the end of the year. Single Scorpions have a good chance than usual of meeting a new love so make sure you get out there and socialize.
Your sense of commitment to a association could go too far. A source of arguments could be your own paranoia or jealousy. It is also important to focus on the time to come and not on the antics of an ex lover.
You should also avoid arguing with lovers and spouses. You have many opportunities to bond strongly with children and pets this year as well.
This is a year when your personal life is solidified. Have long talks with house members about the values you treasure. Events that transpire in your personal life in 2012 will give you lots of reasons to be more optimistic about the future.
If you are Single be sure to be receptive to dating citizen who are not your usual type. If you do not judge on erotic qualities alone you could meet a life-long partner.
Scorpio Finance and Money Horoscope in 2012
You are not so lucky with money during the first six months of the year but by Autumn l you will be a magnet for money. The planets will bring Scorpios who are hard at work in the firm or corporate sectors. If you work for a hospital or charitable assosication you will also raise more money then you ever idea possible.
It is also easier for you to save money for a rainy day. Many Scorpios will be able to pay down a great deal of their debt in 2012.
Scorpio health Horoscope in 2012
You are healthiest during the first half of the year but your stress levels during the second half might leave you feeling a bit run-down from overwork. Watch out for illnesses to do with your digestive system. Be true not to eat on the run and consume too much junk food. Staying away from alcohol, nicotine and too much caffeine will also help your support your health.
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Attorney General Child Support Interactive - Ethical Considerations of Privacy and Cyber-Medical data
Good afternoon. Now, I learned all about Attorney General Child Support Interactive - Ethical Considerations of Privacy and Cyber-Medical data. Which may be very helpful to me and also you. Ethical Considerations of Privacy and Cyber-Medical dataIn 1818, British author Mary Shelley's tale of Dr. Frankenstein's infamous creation startled and captivated a receptive audience. Just as the macabre, but resourceful, physician created life from non-life that terrorized the local countryside, we have created a "cyberspace monster" that "lives" and knows no boundaries. It may not authentically terrorize us, but we are likewise captivated by it. It profoundly influences and impacts our everyday activities, but it is also out of operate and has spawned many controversial issues attractive free speech, censorship, intellectual property, and privacy. The free shop and society norm may, in some measure, be capable of regulating these issues and ultimately help allay many of our concerns. A major and controversial concern that requires additional conference is safeguarding the confidentiality of secret curative information.
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Expectations of Privacy and secret curative Information
According to attorney and privacy law specialist, Ronald B. Standler, "Privacy is the anticipation that confidential personal information disclosed in a secret place will not be disclosed to third parties, when that disclosure would cause either embarrassment or emotional distress to a someone of reasonable sensitivities" (Standler, 1997). Another theorist, Ruth Gavison, defines privacy as "the limitation of others' passage to an individual with three key elements: secrecy, anonymity, and solitude." Secrecy or confidentiality deals with the limits of sharing knowledge of oneself. Anonymity deals with unwanted attentiveness solitude refers to being apart from others (Spinello, 2003). Basically, we want to protect the integrity of who we are, what we do, and where we do it. Regardless of our definition, the right of privacy usually concerns individuals who are in a place reasonably unbelievable to be private. information that is social record, or voluntarily disclosed in a social place, is not protected.
The open architecture of the contemporary phenomenon that we call the Internet raises very unique ethical concerns concerning privacy. information is sent effortlessly over this vast global network without boundaries. Personal information may pass straight through many different servers on the way to a final destination. There are virtually no online activities or services that guarantee absolute privacy. It is quite easy to be lulled into thinking your activity is secret when authentically many of these computer systems can capture and store this personal information and authentically monitor your online activity (Privacy proprietary Clearinghouse, 2006). The Net's basic architecture is designed to share information and not to conceal or protect it. Even though it is potential to develop an sufficient level of security, with an suitable risk level, it is at broad cost and principal time.
Medical records are among the most personal forms of information about an individual and may comprise curative history, lifestyle details (such as smoking or participation in high-risk sports), test results, medications, allergies, operations and procedures, genetic testing, and participation in explore projects.The safety of this secret curative information falls under the area of curative ethics. The realm of curative ethics is to analyze and conclude ethical dilemmas that arise in curative practice and biomedical research. curative ethics is guided by strict system or standards that address: Autonomy, Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, Fidelity, and Justice (Spinello, 2003). The principle of Autonomy includes a person's right to be fully informed of all pertinent information linked to his/her healthcare. A conference of curative ethical system and outpatient proprietary leads us to additional discuss legislation designed to assert and protect these cherished rights.
Access to secret curative information and the condition assurance Portability and responsibility Act of 1996
Since 400 B.C. And the creation of the Hippocratic Oath, protecting the privacy of outpatient curative information has been an foremost part of the physician' code of conduct. Unfortunately, many organizations and individuals not branch to this strict code of show the way are increasingly requesting this secret information.Every time a outpatient sees a doctor, is admitted to a hospital, goes to a pharmacist, or sends a claim to a healthcare plan, a report is made of their confidential condition information. In the past, all healthcare providers protected the confidentiality of curative records by locking them away in file cabinets and refusing to narrate them to whatever else. Today, we rely on "protected" electronic records and a complicated series of laws to assert our confidential and secret curative records.
Congress duly recognized the need for national outpatient report privacy standards in 1996 when they enacted the condition assurance Portability and responsibility Act Hipaa). This act was effective April 14, 2003 (small condition plans implementation date was April 14, 2004) and was meant to heighten the efficiency and effectiveness of the nation's healthcare system. For the first time, federal law established standards for outpatient curative report passage and privacy in all 50 states. The act includes provisions designed to save money for condition care businesses by encouraging electronic transactions, but it also required new safeguards to protect the safety and confidentiality of that information (Diversified Radiology of Colorado, 2002).
There are three principal parts to Hipaa: Privacy, Code Sets, and Security. The safety section is additional subdivided into four parts: executive Procedures, corporeal Safeguards, Technical safety Services (covering "data at rest"), and Technical safety Mechanisms (covering "data in transmission").
Privacy:
The intent of the Hipaa regulations is to protect patients' privacy and allow patients greater passage to their curative records. The Act specifically addresses patients' Protected condition information (Phi) and provides patients with greater passage to and modification of their curative records. Prior to providing outpatient services, the Covered Entity must first receive the patient's consent to share Phi with such organizations as the assurance billing company, the billing office, and physicians to which the outpatient may be referred. Individuals must be able to passage their records, invite revision of errors, and they must be informed of how their personal information will be used. Individuals are also entitled to file formal privacy-related complaints to the agency of condition and Human Services (Hhs) Office for Civil Rights.
Code Sets:
Under Hipaa, codes are standardized to heighten safety and safety of condition information. According to these new standards, a code set is any set of codes used for encoding data elements, such as tables of terms, curative prognosis codes, procedure codes, etc.
Security:
The safety section is divided into four major parts:
1. Administrative, which requires documented formal practices, the carrying out of safety measures to protect data, policies and procedures regulating show the way of personnel in protecting data, safety training, incident procedures, and termination policies.
2. corporeal Safeguards narrate to the safety of corporeal computer systems, network safeguards, environmental hazards, and corporeal intrusion. One must think computer screen placement, pass code protection, and computer locks to operate passage to curative information.
3. Technical safety Services refers to Phi stored on the computer network and how it is securely stored and accessed. Those using the Phi must be logged on and authenticated. An audit trail of authenticated passage will be maintained for 6 years.
4. Technical safety Mechanisms refers to Phi transmitted over a communication network such as the Internet, frame relay, Vpn, secret line, or other network. Phi transmitted over a communication network must be encrypted.
There are also some noticeable shortcomings to Hipaa. The act did little to authentically make condition assurance more "portable" when an worker changes employers. Also, the Act did not significantly increase the condition insurers' responsibility for wrongdoing with provisions that are often difficult to monitor and enforce. There is also much blurring for patients, as well as healthcare providers, in regard to the interpretation of the act (Diversified Radiology of Colorado, 2002).
Other Laws, Regulations, and Decisions concerning secret curative Information
Besides Hipaa, there are foremost state regulations and laws, and federal laws and legal decisions, concerning the privacy and confidentiality of curative information (Clifford, 1999):
The Privacy Act of 1974 limits governmental agencies from sharing curative information from one agency to another. Congress declared hat "the privacy of an individual is directly affected by the collection, maintenance, use and dissemination of personal information ...," and that "the right to privacy is a personal and basic right protected by the Constitution of the United States ..." (Parmet, 2002).
The Alcohol and Drug Abuse Act, passed in 1988, establishes confidentiality for records of patients treated for alcohol or drug abuse (only if they are treated in institutions that receive federal funding).
The Americans with Disabilities Act, passed in 1990, prohibits employers from manufacture employment-related decisions based on a real or perceived disability, along with thinking disabilities. Employers may still have passage to identifiable condition information about employees for reasonable enterprise needs along with determining reasonable accommodations for disabled workers and for addressing workers recompense claims.
Supreme Court decision in Jaffee v. Redmond: On June 13, 1996, the Court ruled that there is a broad federal privilege protecting the confidentiality of communication in the middle of psychotherapists and their clients. The ruling applies to psychiatrists, psychologists and social workers.
Freedom and Privacy recovery Act of 1999: Designed to prohibit the creation of government unique curative Id numbers.
Managed Care and Cyber Threats to secret curative Information
The introduction of the Internet and the advances in telecommunications technology over the last two decades allows us to passage vast amounts of curative information, regardless of time, distance, or remoteness, with relative ease. This cyber passage to curative information has profoundly changed how healthcare providers treat patients and offer advice. No longer are there barriers to the effective transfer of condition information and principal life-saving curative information. In addition to the many benefits of cyber passage to curative information, there are also serious threats to our personal privacy and our curative information.
The intense interest for the safety and privacy of curative information is driven by two major developments. The first is the increase of electronic curative report holding that has substituted paper records. A report from the National Academy of Sciences states that the healthcare industry spent in the middle of and billion on information technology in 1996 (Mehlman, 1999). This was the year that the condition assurance Portability and responsibility Act was passed with most of the expenditure attributed to converting hard-copy information to electronic formats.Electronic curative records (Emrs) gift a principal threat to maintaining the privacy of patient-identifiable curative information. This curative information can be retrieved instantaneously by whatever with passage and passwords. Although hard-copy curative information can be authentically copied, electronic records are much more authentically copied and transmitted without boundaries.
The second major improvement that concerns the privacy of outpatient information is the whole increase of managed care organizations. There is a question for an unprecedented depth and breath of personal curative information by an addition estimate of players. In divergence to traditional fee-for-service healthcare, the victualer of care and the insurer can be the same entity. In this situation, any curative information in the proprietary of the victualer is also known to the insurer. This is tasteless in all forms of managed care, but most clear in closed-panel Hmos. This sharing of information increases the fear that the insurer may use the data to limit benefits or terminate assurance coverage (Mehlman, 1999).
Some managed care clubs are reporting secret curative information to an ultimate in requiring providers to report to case managers within twenty-four hours any case that is determined a high risk potential for the client, a second party, the employer, or the managed care company. Examples comprise such things as potential danger to self or others, suspected child abuse, potential threats to national safety or the client organization, client's invite for records, complaint about worker aid schedule services or threat of a lawsuit, and potential involvement in litigation along with confession or knowledge of criminal activity. No mention is made concerning client privacy or proprietary concerning the release of this information. Nothing is also said about what will be done with the information that is shared (Clifford, 1999).
Another issue with managed care clubs is the large volume of data processed and the carelessness in handling curative information. A salient example deals with lost records as noted in a 1993 study sample of San Francisco Bay Area psychologists. In this survey, 59% of reports were mailed or faxed to wrong persons, charts accidentally switched, or permissible authorization not obtained (Clifford, 1999).
Maintaining and Protecting Electronic secret curative Information
In order to assert and protect valued secret curative information, we must all the time be vigilant and proactive. Basic steps can be taken prior to using electronic information sharing. For example, when signing a "Release of Information" form, read all carefully. If not clearly understood, ask questions. Also, remember that Hipaa grants you the right to invite that your healthcare victualer restrict the use or disclosure of your curative information. Make sure those who ask for information are properly identified and authorized to derive this information. Finally, make sure that the someone collecting information uses at least two "identifiers" to ensure permissible identification of outpatient (e.g. Name, last four of social safety number, address, telephone, number, birth date etc.
When dealing with electronic and computerized curative information, the situation gets more tenuous and much more complex. derive networks and websites, passwords, firewalls, and anti-virus software, are authentically the first steps in a plan of protection. Passwords must be complex, using numbers, letters, and cases, yet also authentically remembered. To assert security, experts suggest that passwords be changed every 90 days or if they are believed to be compromised. In addition, any secret curative information sent on the Net or non-secure networks should be encrypted. Encryption (64 or 128 bit) is translating information into a secret code where a key or password is required to read the information.
Further safety is provided by using privacy enhancing P3P frameworks, filtering software (e.g. Mimesweeper), message authentication codes "(Macs), and "digital signatures." The Platform for Privacy Preferences project (P3P) is a technological framework that uses a set of user-defined standards to negotiate with websites concerning how that user's information will be used and disseminated to third parties (Spinello, 2003). This P3P architecture helps define and heighten cyberethics, improves accessibility, improves consistency, and increases the whole trust in using cyberspace. Macs apply a tasteless key that generates and verifies a message whereas digital signatures ordinarily use two complementary algorithms - one for signing and the other for verification.
There has also some creative technology proposed for maintaining and protecting secret curative information. In October 2004, the "VeriChip" was approved by the Fda for implantation into the triceps of patients. The chip is about the size of a grain of rice and is inserted under the skin during a 20-minute procedure. This imperceptible chip stores a code that can scanned to additional release a patient's secret curative information. This code is then used to download encrypted curative information. The procedure cost is about 0-200 (Msnbc, 2004).
Another more ordinarily used curative information tool is the "smart card," a credit card sized gismo with a small-embedded computer chip. This "computer in a card" can be programmed to accomplish tasks and store foremost information. during an emergency, paramedics and crisis rooms adequate with smart card readers can rapidly passage potentially life-saving information about a patient, such as allergies to medication, and persisting curative conditions. There are different types of smart cards: memory cards, processor cards, electronic purse cards, safety cards, and JavaCards. These cards are tamper-resistant, can be Pin protected or read-write protected, can be encrypted, and can be authentically updated. These unique features make smart cards advantageous for storing personal curative information and are favorite throughout the world. In Germany and Austria, 80 million habitancy have the potential of using these smart cards when they visit their physician (Cagliostro, 1999).
There is also a modern proposed government plan to create a national system of electronic condition records (Ehrs). Details comprise the construction of a National condition information Network that will electronically connect all patients' curative records to providers, insures, pharmacies, labs, and claim processors. The sharing of vital information could heighten outpatient care, comprise more strict and timely substantiation of claims, and be an asset to social condition in emergencies. The goal is to have it operational by 2009. Even with laudatory goals of recovery money, manufacture curative care more efficient, and decreasing drug reactions and interactions, there are still potential dangers to this national plan. There are valid concerns that pharmaceutical clubs may effort to shop a new drug or gismo for your exact curative condition. There are also strong worries of exploitation and abuse of personal data. Who will monitor passage to the information? There are also concerns that lenders or employers may rely on secret curative information to make enterprise decisions. Then there is all the time the ever gift fear of hackers and pranksters retrieving your personal information. There are still so many questions unanswered (Consumer Reports.org, 2006).
In conclusion, we are now stuck with a "Cyberspace Monster" and all of its advantages and shortcomings. When we use cyberspace, we can have no expectations of privacy and we must accept a level of risk. Therefore, when transmitting and sharing secret curative information, we must be all the time aware to take precautions in safeguarding our privacy as much as potential by using derive networks, P3P architecture, passwords, firewalls, encryption, message codes, digital signatures, and devices like smart cards and "VeriChips." curative records are among the most personal forms of information about an individual, but we are challenged to find a equilibrium in the middle of society's interest in protecting curative confidentiality and the legitimate need for timely passage to principal curative information especially with fears of influenza pandemics and bioterrorism. When this information is transferred into electronic format, we have heightened concerns about maintaining and protecting this secret data. With managed care, there is a question for an unprecedented depth and breath of personal curative information by an addition estimate of players. While the Hipaa provisions are a welcomed start in protecting our secret curative information, we must remain vigilant of the ever addition need to protect this extra information.
References:
Cagliostro, C. (1999) Smart card primer.
Clifford, R. (1999) Confidentiality of records and managed care legal and ethical issues.
Consumer Reports.org (2006). The new threat to your curative privacy.
Diversified Radiology of Colorado (2002) History: Hipaa normal information.
Mehlman, M. J. (1999) Emerging issues: the privacy of curative records.
Msnbc (2004) Fda approves computer chip for humans.
Parmet, W. E. (2002) social condition safety and privacy of curative records.
Privacy proprietary Clearinghouse (2006) Internet privacy resources.
Spinello, R. A. (2003) CyberEthics: Morality and law in cyberspace. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, Ma
Standler, R. B. (1997) Privacy law in the Usa.
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Alpha Writer Tube. Duration : 5.33 Mins.Preface - The Ambassadors by Henry James
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Preface - The Ambassadors by Henry James Video Clips. Duration : 46.60 Mins.What is Deferred Adjudication?
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For many small or minor crimes, an individual who has maybe no prior arrests or convictions will be given the opening to keep his or her description clean through deferred adjudication. A judge will give an individual an opening to unblemished community assistance hours or an alcohol awareness class.
Deferred adjudication is a plea agreement agreement In the middle of a defendant and a Texas criminal court. The final or formal judgment is withheld, postponed, or "deferred" until the end of a probation period. If the individual completes the probation period successfully, the charges are dismissed. In expanding to the probation period, a person may have a amount of conditions to meet that the court assigns.
Prior to receiving deferred adjudication from a court, a defendant is required to enter whether a plea of guilty to the charges or a plea of no contest to the charges against him or her. whether way, the plea means that the defendant admits to the crime charged. A plea of no contest has the advantage of offering a degree of safety from any future civil charges that have been levied against him or her.
While a victorious deferred adjudication judgment finally results in the criminal charges being dismissed by the criminal court, there are two very prominent pieces of information that will remain on a person's description and be viewable by the general social for the rest of an individual's life. The two graphic records that remain are:
1. The primary arrest record. This description contains all of the prevention officer's notes and reports. It will also commonly include any investigator's notes, photographs, confessions, or any other type of evidence seizer or testimony taken while the arrest.
2. The description of the performance of the court. The actions of the court will be recorded into a document. The document typically contains the order and terms of the probation which were signed by the defendant in order to qualify for deferred adjudication. In addition, the description will include the plea entered by the defendant.
Fortunately, many deferred adjudication situations can be expunged or the records can be sealed.
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Part 5 - Chapter 25 - A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court by Mark Twain Tube. Duration : 26.23 Mins.Chapter 01 - Babbitt by Sinclair Lewis
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Chapter 01 - Babbitt by Sinclair Lewis Tube. Duration : 26.37 Mins.The 700 Club - April 8, 2011 - CBN.com
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The 700 Club - April 8, 2011 - CBN.com Tube. Duration : 59.53 Mins.Short Memory? Zox Pro Could Help | Increase Brain Power | Photographic Memory
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Attorney General Texas - Personal Injury community Amounts
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The number of the claim is also determined by factors like the injury damage and the loss occurred while the personal injury. It also considers what the examine would make in the court along with the damage that has happened. Then the attorney and the insurance adjuster would make an business transaction with the client to fix up the approximate personal injury hamlet amount. A personal injury attorney knows exactly the worth of the case with his prior palpate in dealing with these types of cases and claims.
The number from the personal injury hamlet would also depend on discrete factors like the injury severity, the time duration for the treatment, damage done in the number of permanent tissue, the resulted damage, the number of work missed, how much pay was lost, how it affected the person's ability and lifestyle, and how much the ability to work is lost. Generally, many cases follow in hamlet amounts for pain and suffering awards colse to 0 to 5,000. All the major hamlet amounts would be offered depending on these factors that are specified.
Whoever was at fault at the time of injury could also be an prominent factor in the personal hamlet amount. One would be concerned to know what kind of hamlet amounts they can receive. In general, these amounts can be offered only after the insurance company's adjuster and your attorney each predicts the offer that would be made by the jury. They commonly do this after reviewing all the witnesses and the strength of your testimony. Moreover, it is in our interest to get the top possible number since the fee is a part of the hamlet amount.
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Attorney General Child Support Interactive - Origin And amelioration Of advice And Counseling institution In Tanzanian Schools
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1.1. Background and History of advice and Counseling in general in School convention and other setting
The history of school counseling formally started at the turn of the twentieth century, although a case can be made for tracing the foundations of counseling and advice principles to ancient Greece and Rome with the philosophical teachings of Plato and Aristotle. There is also evidence to argue that some of the techniques and skills of modern-day advice counselors were practiced by Catholic priests in the middle ages, as can be seen by the dedication to the understanding of confidentiality within the confessional. Near the end of the sixteenth century, one of the first texts about occupation options appeared: The Universal Plaza of All the Professions of the World, (1626) written by Tomaso Garzoni quoted in Guez, W. & Allen, J. (2000). Nevertheless, formal advice programs using specialized textbooks did not start until the turn of the twentieth century.
Counseling is a understanding that has existed for a long time in Tanzania. We have sought straight through the ages to understand ourselves, offer counsel and organize our potential, come to be aware of opportunities and, in general, help ourselves in ways related with formal advice practice. In most communities, there has been, and there still is, a deeply embedded conviction that, under proper conditions, citizen can help others with their problems. Some citizen help others find ways of dealing with, solving, or transcending problems as Nwoye, (2009) prescribed in his writings. In schools, presently if the collaboration in the middle of teachers and students is good, students learn in a practical way. Young citizen organize degrees of freedom in their lives as they come to be aware of options and take advantage of them. At its best, helping should enable citizen to throw off chains and manage life situations effectively. Unprecedented economic and group changes have, over the years, changed the ways in which we manage our lives. Consequently, not all the lessons of the past can effectively deal with the challenges of modern times. Effective counseling, especially in institutions of learning has now come to be important. Boys and girls, and young men and women, need to be guided in the relationships in the middle of condition and the environment, earning skills, knowledge, and attitudes that lead to success and failure in life. The need for counseling has come to be supreme in order to promote the well-being of the child. Effective advice and counseling should help to heighten the self-image of young citizen and facilitate achievement in life tasks. Counseling should empower girls and boys to share fully in, and advantage from, the economic and group development of the nation.
2.0. Definitions of Concepts
2.1. Guidance
Guidance is an act of showing the way for some people, like adolescents, who cannot find the right path. It is directing, pointing, important and accompanying. advice is saying "Yes" to person who is request for help. It is saying "Yes" to an invitation of person who wants a temporary companion along life's way.
Guidance is giving directions to the lonely, confused, unloved, the suffering, the sick and the lost. It is pointing to some possibilities of thinking, feeling and acting. It is important the person psychologically, emotionally and even spiritually to some newer ways of meaningful living. It is accompanying those who are fearful and uncertain, those who need person along the rugged path of life's journey.
From an objective point of view, advice is part and parcel of the counseling profession. It is called directive counseling. High school and even college students need advice when they are unsure of what choices to make or what directions to take. The advice advisor "opens up" a world of choices for these persons for them to choose from. It is like presenting the universe when all that a person sees is the lonely planet earth. The advice advisor enlarges and widens the horizon of citizen who sees only a narrow path or a concealed view of that path. Thus, the focus is on possibilities and choices.
Usually, advice occurs in schools. High school and college students avail of advice and counseling services in their school. More often, young citizen are unsure of what to do, how to react or respond, and how to act in definite choices. When this occurs, they need person older, wiser and more experienced to show them the way, to guide them. This is the role of the advice advisor to extend aid when important to those who are confused, uncertain, and needing advice. However, some adults may need advice too.
2.2. Counseling:
Counseling is guiding and more. It is a way of medical hurts. It is both a science and an art. It is a science because to offer counsel, advice or assistance, the advisor must have the knowledge of the basic principles and techniques of counseling. The advisor must be able to use any of these basic principles and techniques as paradigms in order for him to counsel well. However, it is not sufficient to use know these basic principles and techniques. The other important aspect is for the advisor to know how to counsel-the art of counseling. This aspect considers counseling as a relationship, as a sharing of life, in the hope that the person who is hurting will be healed. As a relationship, counseling involves the physical, emotional, and psychical or spiritual dimensions. The advisor must have the ability to quote to the counselee in an appropriate corporeal manner without being too intimate or too close for comfort or being too distant or aloof. The emotional size in counseling includes empathy, sensitivity and the ability to interpret non-verbal clues of the counselee in order to understand unresolved complexes or pent-up feelings. The psychical or spiritual size embraces the counselee's "soul-content"---what lies inside. This is what is called the interiority of the person. The advisor must have the gift or grace of catching a perceive of the interior world of the person, particularly his spiritual condition, for this is very important in medical the person's hurts.
2.3. Other Definitions of the Concepts
Biswalo (1996) defines advice as a term used to denote the process of helping an private to gain self comprehension and self direction (self decision-making) so that he can adjust maximally to his home, school or society environment. This process, however, depends on counseling. He also defines counseling as a process of helping an private to accept and use information and advice so that he can whether solve his present question or cope with it successfully. He goes additional remarking that sometimes the process helps the private to accept unchangeable situation for example, loss of dearly loved ones and to some extent change it in its favour rather than letting himself be overcome by the situation. Guez and Allen (2000) perceive that it is difficult to think of a particular definition of counseling. This is because definitions of counseling depend on theoretical orientation. Counseling is a learning-oriented process, which occurs normally in an interactive relationship, with the aim of helping a person learn more about the self, and to use such comprehension to enable the person to come to be an Effective member of society. Counseling is a process by means of which the helper expresses care and concern towards the person with a problem, and facilitates that person's personal increase and brings about change straight through self-knowledge. Counseling is a relationship in the middle of a involved person and a person with a need. This relationship is normally person-to-person, although sometimes it may involve more than two people. It is designed to help citizen to understand and interpret their views, and learn how to reach their self-determined goals straight through meaningful, well-informed choices, and straight through the resolution of emotional or interpersonal problems. It can be seen from these definitions that counseling can have distinct meanings.
3.0. Origin of advice and Counseling convention in Pre-Colonial Era
Counseling in Tanzania in distinct forms and with distinct interpretations, has existed in societies for a long time before colonial era. The differences and contradictions in present-day, have their origin in the group and historical troops that have shaped modern culture. In Tanzania citizen in all societies, and at all times, have experienced emotional or psychological distress and behavioural problems. In each culture, there have been well established ways and methods of helping individuals with their problems. However, there are no sufficient written sources about the origin of advice and counseling convention in Tanzanian schools. But like other places before colonial era there were superior unique elements which held the societies together in their livelihood. The elements contain the extended house system, along with the clan and the tribe, chieftaincy, taboos, varied forms of initiation and close links with ancestors and elders.
The village is the focal point of society. While each one of these elements is important, only a few are used to interpret the role of advice and counseling in present-day Tanzanian societies. Basically, original chiefs had many roles which included serving as a symbol of authority and as a regulator. Since these roles were appropriate and respected by all, there was a clear direction in the day-to-day affairs of society. The elders, the chief included, were a important source of advice and counseling for boys and girls. In most cases, the chiefs were regarded as a vital link in the middle of ancestors and the present generation. This link was strengthened by the rituals, ceremonies and taboos attached to them. It was easy to guide and counsel the young, since the rituals or ceremonies were also aimed at preparation for adult roles in society. The extended family, the clan, and the village, made society supportive. No private regarded him/herself as alien. Counseling was effortlessly sought and provided. The forms of advice and counseling involved were given advice and sharing wisdom.
4.0. The Developments of advice and Counseling Practices in Tanzanian Schools
4.1. advice and Counseling Practices in Tanzanian Schools Trends
In realizing this perhaps, since we are reasoning of the concepts in school setting, we should think the meaning of counseling in instruction discipline. One could think that the definitions given above on the term advice and counseling, their meaning can be directed to instruction grounds and now give the meaning correctly. Guez and Allen (2000) pointed out that a term educational counseling was first coined by Truman Kelley in 1914 in Makinde, (1988), educational counseling is a process of rendering services to pupils who need aid in production decisions about important aspects of their education, such as the selection of courses and studies, decisions with regard to interests and ability, and choices of college and high school. Educational counseling increases a pupil's knowledge of educational opportunities.
The ever growing complexity of society in Tanzania, coupled with group problems like Hiv/Aids and the rapid development of science and technology, place heavy demands on education. The school, as an important group institution, was required to adapt speedily to changing patterns, and help prepare citizens for tomorrow's challenges. That is where advice and counseling in the educational principles should help boys and girls alike, to organize their capacities to the full. These contain intellectual, social, corporeal and moral capacities. This help is of the most important in Tanzania as long as the history and age of instruction provision and in its systems found today.
Guidance and counseling practices development in Tanzanian schools can be traced back from the time when vocational instruction was emerging right at the colonial period. In the process of establishing counseling services in Tanzania, there was a need to first understand the underlying factors that influence people's beliefs and perceptions about such practices. However, this is understanding that was not taken in to observation at the time and it may be up to recent time. It is especially important to understand the economic, socio-political, religious beliefs, customs and traditions, and cultural changes that are present in distinct regions of the country. Young citizen should be understood within this context, but also within the paradoxical situation of having to face the original and the modern world, but this is a big challenge to Tanzania and many developing African countries. During colonial period there were some form of vocational advice under the occupation advice and it was administered by occupation masters. But the occupation masters who were premium by the head of schools had no professional training in vocational guidance. In fact the duty was miniature to helping students fill out employment forms and writing letters of application. In the missionary schools vocational advice was confined to religious services. The teachers who were normally 'fathers', pastors, or reverends guided and trained spiritually inclined youths to come to be sisters, brothers, fathers and pastors upon their completion of formal education.
Apart of what could be done in schools in Tanzania, advice and counseling was more or less a underground house affair. Parents and relatives counseled their children on all matters of life management and question solving. It is true that in many families the duty of general advice was the original duty of senior members of the family, father, mother, uncle, aunt, and grandparents. In case of serious personal or house problems, counseling was done by a specially organized by the society as a competent in handling that specific problem. This is done without any knowledge obtained from formal or informal school principles but rather straight through caress and age wise straight through collected wisdom. This kind of early form of counseling from school setting and society helped the young to be brought into the absorbing image of living in the future to the society.
4.2. advice and Counseling Practices in Tanzanian Schools in Post-colonial era
In any literatures and sources, advice and counseling in instruction sector in Tanzania and some other African countries is regarded as the youngest discipline. This is evidenced by First International discussion on Guidance, Counseling and Youth development in Africa held in Nairobi, Kenya from 22nd to 26th April, 2002 which pointed out that the Guidance, Counseling and Youth development Programme was initiated in Africa in April 1994, following the First Pan African discussion on the instruction of Girls that was held in Ouagadougou in 1993. It is designed to introduce or strengthen advice and counseling in African countries. It focuses on capacity building in the countries involved and provides training at both regional and national levels on issues of advice and counseling of schools and colleges.
What we can call professional advice and counseling in Tanzania schools begin in the year 1984 following the National October 1984 Arusha Conference, where advice and counseling services were endorsed by the government as and integral part of the country's instruction principles (Biswalo, 1996). The aim of the discussion is to organize systematic criteria for secondary schools students' advice and counseling. Students were then advised, guided and counseled on matters with regard to their job selection and learner placement for additional education. This job was assigned to occupation masters and mistresses as explained below, however, there were no sufficient advice and counseling personnel not only in the responsible ministry but also in the schools.
Guidance and Counseling is now becoming slowly institutionalized and spread in educational institutions. Schools, for example, have to a large extent taken over the task of providing psychological reserve to boys and girls. However Biswalo (1996) comments that in Tanzania policies pertinent to advice and counseling is still lacking. The Ministry of Education, however, has somehow tried to institutionalize the services within the instruction principles by appointing occupation masters and mistresses. He continued saying that the personnel are charged with the responsibility of advising heads of secondary schools with regard to students job selection and learner placement for additional education; to try and help students understands and organize interest in appropriate jobs or additional instruction or training; to asses the students talents and capabilities and to encourage them to pursue careers or additional instruction best great to them and to help students solve their personal problems which may influence their general strengthen in school.
This is an impossible and realistic burden on these untrained personnel. It reflects the apathy of course and decision makers with regard to the new field of advice and counseling in schools; the power of the myth of planned manpower in which occupation advice is erroneously regarded as redundant and the gross lack of trained personnel who would provide Effective advice and counseling services in schools. It is unfortunate that even after the National October 1984 Arusha discussion on the strengthening of instruction in Tanzania, where advice and counseling services were endorsed by the government as and integral part of the country's instruction system, the services are to-date still patchy and ineffective in Tanzania's educational institutions. advice and counseling in this manner is discussed by distinct scholars in primary, secondary and tertiary instruction levels together.
5.0. advice and Counseling Practices in original and Secondary Schools
In original school levels in Tanzania in actual fact there were and are no specified pupils' teacher-counselors. However, the operation is left to teachers themselves to decree what is to be done since there is no programmed or time-tabled operation with regard to advice and counseling. Teachers are left to use part of the teaching to convention advice and counseling in and surface the classroom although not all teachers have gone teacher-counselor training. As children enter school they need orientation on school itself, its environment, school society and the curriculum to motivate and organize definite attitude toward learning and school society as well (Biswalo, 1996). As the pupils grow older and pass straight through distinct grades they need to be directed in learning skills, overcome learning difficulties and other school related problems. But this operation is not performed systematically in original schools in Tanzania.
In the case of secondary schools till to-date there is also insufficient programmed or time-tabled principles of guiding and counseling students. In some cases this duty is left to discipline masters and sometimes to class masters and head of schools. At secondary school level, students would seek educational opportunities, information of all kinds and any other help pertinent to educational pursuits. These needs are catered to by educational advice and counseling (ibid). At this level students are helped with branch choice, study techniques and tests and examination. Biswalo (1996) pointed out that sometimes During branch choice, pride of placing as many students as possible in prestigious streams, such as science, takes precedence over actual abilities, interests and aptitudes of students. He said this unfortunate situation has been born out of the lack of genuine educational advice and counseling services in secondary schools.
The school has an important role to play in preparation pupils for continued secondary education, paid employment, self-employment and life in the community, as clearly set out by the Ministry of instruction in the objectives for its secondary curriculum. Maybe uniquely, there would be total bargain among pupils, teachers and parents over the relative emphasis a definite schools settled on the preparation for additional education, with its focus on scholastic knowledge and the pursuit of success in the national examinations. That is, the secondary schools where counseling is not well performed settled miniature emphasis on citizenship and the development of a responsible attitude to life in the society at the local, regional or national level and employment opportunities. However, what is de-emphasized is the informal sector along with self-employment but the emphasized is employment in the formal sector with its implied emphasis on white collar jobs.
5.1. Vocational, occupation advice and Counseling
In Tanzania teachers have the capacity to directly influence their pupils' selection of careers. The achievements and attitudes of pupils have been shown to be related to the characteristics and achievements of their teachers (World Bank, 1995; quoted in Nyutu, P.N. & Norman C.G. 2008). However, the influence of the school depends on the formal interactions and transportation which take place in the middle of teachers and pupils in the classroom whereas television and radio, act straight through the informal interactions pupils have with these media. The influence of parents and siblings is straight through both formal and informal means.
That is in most cases in Tanzania and may be other states where advice and counseling is rarely done in schools; parents play the big role to influence on their children's selection of careers. Others who have lower level careers i.e. Teachers, clerks, drivers, personal secretaries, soldiers etc. Do not anticipate their children 'following in their footsteps' because for the children who are able to study to higher level sometimes saw these jobs as narrow and lacking in interest. However it is recommend that parents' occupation might have influenced their children's selection of careers, but this happened to children who have generic skills useful in such jobs, and a few may have job skills relevant to those jobs. Entrance to information straight through the media and other forms of technology is giving young citizen aspirations that, for the most part, cannot be satisfied in their own environment. Choices have to be made and young citizen must gain the skills to assess situations and make informed decisions. There is no longer a natural, understandable order from birth to adulthood for the Tanzanian young.
Vocational advice at secondary school levels is in case,granted but in very few among others because of shortages of school or vocational trained counselors. For those lucky schools with these kinds of counselors, students are helped but vocational counseling is not emphasized because most pupils, teachers and of course parents push students to make long range plans of study so that to prepare well for the envisaged careers. These counselors plan with school administrators and teachers to provide appropriate class placement for students with extra abilities or disabilities for course selection by students.
5.2. Tertiary Level
The tertiary level students are in case,granted with orientation and other educational advice and counseling. In Tanzania tertiary level have at least fulfilled the need of having great students' counselors for both psychological and academics, though they are few in number. Here counselors play a big role in compiling comprehensive information on all aspects of the careers related to the training offered in the institution. Counselors sometimes incorporate with management or practicum branch to organize field practices for students and even more rarely might contacts with relevant employing agencies (Biswalo, 1996).
6.0. understanding on advice and Counseling in Tanzania
According to the explore by Sima (2004), professional counseling is yet to be recognized as a stand-alone profession in Tanzania and in many African countries. Nevertheless, the advent and setting of Hiv/Aids in the country has strengthened the base for counseling. This is particularly because of the multifaceted nature of the Hiv/Aids pandemic whose attention, unlike other human diseases, goes beyond the prerogatives of the medical profession. Thus, counseling is perceived as a crucial avenue for prevention of Hiv infection straight through provision of sufficient and relevant information, and for group and psychological reserve of citizen infected and affected by the pandemic. Ibid continued saying that since the emergence of the pandemic in the country, a amount of non-governmental organizations have been offering counseling services however, there is lack of clarity on the type and nature of counseling services offered by these organization. The nature and characteristics of counseling clients also remain fuzzy.
In Tanzania the professional counseling as aforesaid is relatively a new phenomenon. Outwater (1995) quoted in Sima (2004) comments that before Hiv/Aids epidemic, there was no formal counseling aid in Tanzanian hospitals, no professional counselors and no formal principles for training counselors. There was a need to fill this gap by training as many counselors as possible to provide optimal care for Aids patients and their relatives (Nacp, 1989; quoted in ibid). Since then many para-professional counselors have been trained in basic knowledge and skills of counseling. Currently there are many counseling centers working not only on Hiv/Aids related problems but also distinct problems affecting Tanzanians. However, as counseling became favorite with the advent of Hiv/Aids, many citizen assume that it is only meant for citizen infected and affected by Hiv/Aids and shy away from it for fear of being labeled (Sima, 2002; quoted in Sima 2004).
7.0. Problems and Challenges
The Tanzanian government have not yet formulated in the instruction course issues pertaining advice and counseling in spite of the crucially and necessity in schools. Biswalo (1996) pointed out that in Tanzania policies pertinent to advice and counseling is still lacking. He continued saying that efforts directed towards fulfilling advice and counseling needs are apparently thwarted by any difficulties along with financial resources to reserve the even established tiny counseling activities in any schools.
In Tanzania till today counseling is relatively new phenomenon. There are no sufficient great counselors in schools and other instruction institutions. However, there are miniature amount of great counselors, they are whether not utilized well in schools or they are engaged in other activities rather than what they are trained for. Some of school counselors are also teachers and they are fully occupied with teaching responsibilities. More surprisingly counseling is perceived as a crucial avenue for only prevention of Hiv infection straight through provision of sufficient and relevant information, and for group and psychological reserve of citizen infected and affected by the Hiv/Aids (Sima, 2004).
There is slow increase of advice and counseling in educational systems attributed to lack of funds, training facilities, and high turnover of advice counselors to green pastures and in adequately trained counselors. For instance in many schools they lack counseling offices, trained teacher-counselors and counseling equipments. In terms of funds there are varied options that can be explored to alleviate financial constraints. extra schools on profit of parents in need can advent non-governmental organizations.
The absence of solid professional counseling relationship in Tanzania to set standards for the appropriate convention is another challenge (Nwoye, 2008). Also insufficient availability of professional advisor training programs in Tanzanian colleges and universities is another contributing challenge.
There are no efforts to organize counseling curriculum in secondary schools and colleges and advice and counseling courses in the universities. advice curriculum and responsive services can then be structured to address the five content areas, namely human relationships, occupation development, group values, self development, and learning skills. A advice curriculum could be taught to students at distinct levels or in small groups to address issues that are similar to them. For advice and counseling programs to be Effective in Tanzania, trained professionals should be employed to manage and offer services in schools. Such professionals should also be in case,granted with relevant facilities and structural support. At the same time, universities and teacher training institutions will have to organize and organize programs that train professional school counselors and other advice personnel.
There is still insufficient aid in higher instruction institutions to enable students achieves their occupation aspirations. However, students today indicate a higher need for occupation advice than students in the past decade. Students may therefore be encountering an increased need to gain relevant occupation information that will enable them seek good paid jobs. Many schools have in the past appointed some teachers as occupation masters without providing them with the important training and facilities for occupation guidance. Such occupation masters normally assume that all students will end up in universities and only focus on helping students perfect university application forms and no more. It is the high time for the government to set and implement the course that will heighten advice and counseling from original schools to the tertiary level and in turn will organize programs that train professional school counselors and other advice personnel.
8.0. Conclusion
Guidance and counseling sought to prepare pupils in their instruction agenda to enter into the world of appropriate work by linking the school curriculum to employment. For the school to be successful in this endeavor, subjects should be taught at a pleasant and favorable environment and should be made relevant and absorbing to the pupils. another factor that needs to be thought about is the recruitment of competent teachers capable of guiding and counseling learners in relating what they teach to the job market. What is taught and how it is taught can have great influence on the interest and perception of learners. In Tanzania the spirit to plan and use advice and counseling services in the Effective development and utilization of their respective young human resources is evidently strong. However, as Biswalo (1996) said the efforts directed towards fulfilling this need are apparently thwarted by any difficulties. It appears total and enlightened commitment on the part of course and decision makers is important and should be definitely surmount the problems.
The emergence of occupation development in western countries as a organize suggests that it may be an important area in developing country like Tanzania where students need assistance; students particularly need aid in selecting colleges and courses. To this end, the schools should offer a occupation advice and counseling programme under the able leadership of great school counselors.
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